For vitamins, the U.S. Tariff commission report a total production of 19 x 103 t for 1981, with an average value of $ 19.88 per kilogram. Production methods by chemical synthesis are outlined on below, for ascorbic acid and riboflavin, an a riboflavin itself as a fermentation product.
Isolates from Plants or Animals
Although many important pharmachetical product result from chemical engineering directed life processes, fermentations, and syntheses, there are some important medicaments whose sole or competitive source is through isolation from plants and animals. Quinine is made by extraction from cinchona bark. Morphine and codeine are isolated from opium, Theo bromine from waste cacao shells, and caffeine from the decaffeinating of coffee or from waste tea. Insulin is isolated from pancreas.
Reserpine USP
Reserpine is one of the alkaloids widely employed for its tranquilizing effect upon the cardiovascular and central nervous systems and as an adjunct in psychotherapy. It is isolated by a non aqueous solvent process, using, for example, boiling methanol extraction of the African root Tauwolfia vomittoria. Normally this extraction is carried out under countercurrent methods. The methanol extract are concentrated and acidified with 15% acetic acid and then treated with petroleum naphta to remove impurities. Extraction is made using ethylene dichloride. The solvent is neutralized with dilute sodium carbonate, evaporated to drive off the ethylene dichloride, and further evaporated to crystalline the crude reserpine crystals.
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