Vitamins

For vitamins, the US tariff commission report a total production of 19 x 103 t for 1981 with an average value of $ 19.88 per kilogram. Production methods by chemical synthesis are ascorbic acid and riboflavin. Riboflavin can be produce by fermentation beside by chemical synthesis.

Vitamin Produce from Plants or Animals
Although many important pharmaceutical products result from chemical engineering directed life process, fermentations, and synthesis, there are some important medicaments whose sole or competitive source is through isolation from plants and animals. Quinine is made by extraction from cinchona bark. Morphine and codeine are isolated from opium, waste tea. Insulin is isolate from pancreas.

Reserpine UPS
Reserpine is one of the alkaloid widely employed for its tranquilizing effect upon the cardiovascular and central nervous systems and as an adjunct psychotherapy. It is isolated by a nonaqueus solvent process using, for example, bottling methanol extraction of the African root Rauwolfia vomitoria. Naturally, these extraction are carried out under counter current methods. The methanol extracts are concentrated and acidified with 15% acetic acid and then treated wit petroleum naphta to remove impurities. Extraction is made using ethylene dichloride. The solvent is neutralized with dilute sodium carbonate, evaporated to drive off the ethylene dichloride, and further evaporated to crystallize the crude reserpine crystals.

Insulin Injection and Insulin Zinc Suspension UPS
Insulin, a hormone, plays a key role in catalyzing the process by which glucose (carbohydrates) furnishes energy or is stored in the body as glycogen or fat. The absence of insulin not only interrupts these processes, but produces depression of essential functions and, in extreme cases, even death. Its isolation and purification were started in April 1922, by Lily, following its discovery by Banting and Best.

The structure of insulin was elucidated by Sanger and other in 1945 to 1953. insulin is isolated from the pancreas of beef or hogs and was one of the first proteins to be obtained in crystalline form. In different concentrations and diisociations, the molecular weight of insulin varies between 36,000 and 12,000 and it has up to 51 amino acid units. Insulin protein is characterized by a high sulphur content in the form of cystine. It is unstable in alkaline solution. Insulin is isolated by extraction of minced pancreas with acidified alcohol, followed by purification is isolated by extraction of minced pancreas with acidified alcohol, followed by purification.